Putting the brakes on biofuels

The worldwide reaction against rapid expansion of biofuels has continued, with a proposal by the United Kingdom government to slow down the rate at which the country’s transport fuel must increase its renewable content. The announcement follows the publication of an official review which concluded that uncontrolled use of biofuels could drive changes in land use that may increase overall greenhouse gas emissions, as well as push food prices still higher.

While the review praised Brazilian ethanol as amongst the most efficient types of biofuel, it included a case study warning that carbon dioxide emissions from producing the fuel could increase by more than 60% if sugarcane is planted in place of native Cerrado vegetation.

The reverse in British biofuels policy was a response to a report on the indirect effects of biofuels production, carried out by the head of the government’s independent Renewable Fuels Agency, Professor Ed Gallagher. It did not argue for a moratorium on biofuels, as some European NGOs are now demanding, but did say current targets in Britain and the European Union for increasing mandatory biofuel use should be revised. It said continued increases in biofuels content beyond 2013 should only proceed if it could be conclusively proven that the environment and food supply were not being compromised, either directly or indirectly.

The British Transport Secretary, Ruth Kelly, responded immediately to the report by announcing a consultation to change the current “Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation”, which sets the minimum biofuels content that UK fuel suppliers must meet. The proposal is that instead of increasing the biofuel level to 5% by 2010/11, this target should be delayed until 2013/14.

The review was commissioned by the British government as a reaction to growing international concern about the sustainability of rapid biofuels expansion, including the potential impact on the Amazon rainforest and other Brazilian ecosystems. Among the indirect impacts feared are the added pressure from increased Brazilian soya production, as American farmers switch from soya to corn to produce ethanol, and the displacement of cattle to the Amazon basin as former pasture lands in other parts of Brazil are occupied by sugarcane plantations.

The Gallagher review says the issues surrounding these possible indirect impacts are highly complex, and require much more research before they can be accurately assessed. However, it notes (not specifically about Brazil), that “the balance of evidence shows a significant risk that current policies will lead to net greenhouse gas emissions and loss of biodiversity through habitat destruction.

“This includes effects arising from the conversion of grassland for cropland.”

The British review acknowledges that the efficiency of different biofuels production methods varies greatly in terms of their CO2 emission savings, with the Brazilian ethanol system scoring very highly, especially because the waste bagasse from sugarcane plants is used in many mills to produce renewable electricity.

However, one of a series of case studies commissioned for the review warns that this efficiency could be severely compromised if large-scale sugarcane expansion takes place on land currently occupied by native ecosystems, especially in the Cerrado.

The Brazilian case study, carried out by consultant Giúlio Volpi, formerly of WWF, is critical of the government agricultural research body EMBRAPA for claiming that 71 million hectares of the Cerrado is still available for agricultural expansion, without providing information either on the biodiversity status of this land, or on the potential loss of carbon that would take place if it were cultivated.

The report goes on to quote an unpublished study which estimates that conversion of Cerrado soils to sugarcane involves the loss of around 10% of their carbon – assuming the native vegetation contained 25 tonnes of carbon per hectare, this would lead to the emission of 237 grammes of carbon dioxide for each cubic metre of ethanol produced, an increase of 63% on the current average situation.

The case study accepts the argument that the negative impacts of biofuels expansion can be very much reduced if production is concentrated on the large areas of degraded cattle pasture available, especially in former Cerrado regions. Among its policy recommendations are increases in productivity of cattle production, “agro-ecological zoning” to control the location of new sugarcane plantations (due to be announced this month by the Brazilian government), and stricter enforcement of anti-deforestation laws.

In the British government report, Professor Gallagher makes it clear he believes biofuels can potentially still play a significant role in reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. However, his call for a slowdown, and its immediate acceptance by UK ministers, are further evidence of Europe’s growing doubts about the sustainability of what was once seen as a crucial weapon in the fight against climate change.

This article was published in Portuguese on www.oeco.com. Copyright O Eco, All Rights Reserved.

A month of Minc

A month after the sudden and dramatic resignation of Marina Silva as Brazil’s environment minister, it is still early days to assess the performance of her successor Carlos Minc, especially as he only formally took office nearly two weeks after her departure. But if anyone thought the new man would bide his time and ease himself gradually into the controversies that prompted Ms Silva’s exit, Minc has proven them dramatically wrong.

Responding to the unplanned change of environment ministers, President Lula insisted there would be no change in government policy on the environment. One month on, it does seem that the course steered by the Environment Ministry (MMA) remains roughly in the same direction. But a very different type of captain is at the helm.

Marina Silva, while adored and almost worshipped by the environmental movement, remained a somewhat aloof figure, giving few interviews to the media, and usually choosing to fight her many battles with government colleagues behind closed doors rather than in the public spotlight.

Minc has proven to be the very opposite, a down-to-earth Carioca reluctant to swap the beaches of Rio for the dry political landscapes of Brasilia – and not even waiting for his appointment to be officially confirmed before pronouncing in public on environmental licensing, deforestation and just about any other subject he could think of. And he has barely kept his mouth shut to the media ever since.

An early indication that Carlos Minc was not going to shy away from contoversy came in a very public war of words with the governor of Mato Grosso and soya magnate Blairo Maggi – Minc anticipated the publication of the figures for Amazon deforestation in April to warn the public that they would be bad, and that Mato Grosso would once again top the list of deforesting states. The response from Maggi was less than complimentary.

Minc also burst onto the scene with a string of new ideas, including that of a national “environmental force” to strengthen protection of Brazil’s forests and other ecosystems. He has since elaborated on that to propose a contingency force of firefighters and military police, both under control of the state governors, along the lines of the national security force set up after long negotiations to deal with emergencies, including last year’s upsurge of gang violence in Rio de Janeiro. In Brazil’s complex power play between the functions of state and federal authorities, Minc is walking into a potential minefield here, and he knows it.

Add to all this new, expanded targets for protected areas in the Amazon, and a stepping up of the “Arc of Fire” operation against illegal deforesters started during Marina Silva’s time in office, and Minc has left observers almost breathless trying to keep track of his latest statement or announcement.

What is still not clear, however, is how much of the frenetic activity of his opening weeks will result in solid measures to protect the environment, and what the changeover in ministers really means for the direction of government policy. For this reason, many of those in the NGO sector are understandably reluctant to commit themselves at this stage with an opinion on Minc’s performance so far.

Another reason is that the early signals about life under Minc can seem a little contradictory. For example, according to the director of environmental policy at Conservation International, Paulo Gustavo do Prado Pereira, among the positive signals to emerge from Minc’s brief tenure is his defence of the existing Forest Code, which stipulates that in the Amazon region, landowners must leave at least 80% of their property as natural vegetation – a rule which has come under strong attack from the rural lobby in Congress, generating speculation that it would soon be changed.

On the other hand, as the Instituto Socio-Ambiental (socio-environmental institute) points out, one of the first decisions Minc made in office was in effect a concession to the rural lobby in general and to Blairo Maggi in particular, despite the bad-tempered rhetoric the two men had exchanged in public. He clarified (or weakened, depending on your viewpoint) a key anti-deforestation measure to deny credit to landowners found to have infringed environmental regulations – stipulating that it applied only to areas officially considered within the Amazon forest biome, and excluding those areas in the transition zone between the Cerrado, or savanna, and the Amazon. The practical result of this measure will be to keep the lines of credit open to many farmers in Mato Grosso, whether or not they have been observing environmental laws.

Another area in which Minc’s tendencies are difficult to read is the question of environmental approval for major infrastructure projects, perhaps the biggest single issue that had got Marina Silva into trouble with government colleagues and created the frustration which led to her resignation. It was another subject on which he pronounced before he was even confirmed in the job, saying that rigor in the assessment made of the environmental impacts of a project should be combined with much less bureaucratic procedures and a speeding up of the approval process. This had been one of Minc’s priorities as state environment secretary of Rio de Janeiro, and something he has since followed up with the new directorate of the environment agency Ibama.

According to the campaigns director for SOS Mata Atlântica (Save the Atlantic Forest), Mario Mantovani, the setting of specific targets inside which environmental licences should be issued is the one negative point so far in Minc’s performance: “These are targets that can’t be met, because there are lots of bad projects out there – so he is taking a risk here,” says Mantovani.

On the other hand, according to Mantovani, Minc is a skilled negotiator and he is broadly optimistic that he will prove a good minister – but will face the same pressures from inside government that caused Marina Silva’s downfall.

“ Minc has one great merit: he’s been in the media since the day he arrived, drawing attention to environmental issues. Now he has to show what he is able to do in practice,” Mantovani adds.

Paulo Gustavo Pereira of Conservation International is also generally positive about Minc’s period of office, although he says it is too soon to say whether he is optimistic or pessimistic. He argues that Marina Silva’s policies on conservation will continue under Minc, with Lula’s support, because “Brazil fears damage to its image abroad, and consequent damage to its agricultural business, especially biofuels.”

Minc himself gave perhaps the best clue to his style of operating when he said, early on, that his strategy was a kind of political choreography, “Two steps forward, two steps back” (in Portuguese, Dois pra lá, dois pra cá) – for example for every two licences issued, create two new parks.

For some, this is risky pragmatism, for others a good strategy for getting things done within the limits of what is possible. Whichever way, the new man attempting to steer Brazil’s environmental policy through some very rough waters should give us all an intresting ride.


This article was written for the website www.oeco.com

Ethanol and the Invisible Ecosystem

Anyone who has been following closely the recent arguments about the ethanol boom and the expansion of sugarcane plantations in Brazil will be familiar with this map. Drawn up by the powerful sugar producers’ union of São Paulo state (UNICA), it is regularly used in presentations by supporters of the industry to demolish the claim that this biofuel is threatening the rainforest.

Pointing to the “sensitive biomes” of the Amazon and the Pantanal (the largest inland wetland on Earth), the map shows that the concentration of sugarcane production and ethanol plants is a safe distance from both. It is a compelling visual demonstration, until you ask the question: what is all that white space in the middle of the map?

The answer, it turns out, is the Cerrado, or Brazilian woodland-savanna. One of the world’s 34 biodiversity hotspots as defined by Conservation International (CI), it is home to 4,400 plant species that occur nowhere else in the world, 10 threatened endemic bird species, and a range of charismatic mammals including giant anteater, giant armadillo, jaguar and maned wolf. It has also, according to CI, lost nearly 80 per cent of its original vegetation, which is why it qualifies as a hotspot (the Amazon, which has only lost some 16%, does not).

Looked at this way, the map seems somewhat less than reassuring as a guarantee of the environmental sustainability of sugarcane and its current focus of expansion in Brazil. Which is why it was a surprising choice for inclusion in a report and presentation on the industry by the Brazilian affiliate of one of the world’s best-known wildlife organisations, WWF-Brasil.

The WWF report, sponsored by the Government of the Netherlands, originally set out to analyse the expansion of the Brazilian sugarcane sector in the context of the declining subsidies for sugar production in the European Union (EU). Made inevitable because of successful challenges in the World Trade Organisation (WTO) by Brazil and others, the gradual liberalization of the sugar trade regime will allow Brazilian sugar to compete more fairly on the world market, attracting higher prices without the distorting impact of EU subsidies.

As the study developed, however, the sugar issue was overshadowed by the extraordinary boom in ethanol production, with the Brazilian sugar-alcohol industry attracting massive international interest – both positive and negative – for its unrivalled technological experience and capacity to increase production in the era of astronomical oil prices and concern about fossil fuel impacts on global warming.

In its conclusions, presented at one of a series of debates on biofuels at the University of São Paulo, the WWF report shows a curious contrast between the “headline” judgements – overwhelmingly positive – and some of the detailed analysis, which points to the need for significant strengthening of existing safeguards to prevent environmental harm and threats to food security in particular regions.

On the big picture, the co-ordinator of WWF-Brasil’s agriculture and environment policy, and principal author of the report, Luiz Fernando Laranja da Fonseca, presented an analysis which differed little from that regularly set out by the Brazilian government and by the sugar-alcohol industry itself.

Essentially, the analysis attempts to shoot down two principal “myths” about biofuels expansion in Brazil prevalent in international circles, and particularly in Europe. First, that it threatens sensitive ecosystems like the Amazon (that map appears at this point on the Powerpoint presentation), and second that it contributes to the current world food supply crisis. On the second point, the argument used is that sugarcane occupies a small proportion of agricultural land, dwarfed by crops such as maize (corn) and soya (soybeans), and that there are vast tracts of degraded cattle pasture that provide more than enough spare capacity to expand both food and biofuels production.

The WWF report argues that at this “macro” level, the negative impacts of sugarcane expansion are low, and that there are significant benefits to the climate from using one of the world’s most energy-efficient forms of biofuels production – made even more efficient by the growing use of the woody crop waste known as bagasse to generate electricity.

When it comes to potential regional impacts, however, the report paints a very different picture, especially regarding the Cerrado. It cites another report published late last year by the Institute for Society, Population and Nature (ISPN), funded by the EU. This report suggested that some of the areas currently experiencing the most rapid growth in the planting of sugarcane were also those identified by Brazil’s federal environment ministry (MMA) as priority areas for conservation of the Cerrado ecosystem.

Source: ISPN, from MMA and INPE

For example, in this map showing part of the state of Goiás to the west of the federal capital Brasilia, the purple areas of sugar cane plantations and red production plants are shown to coincide with the beige shaded areas defined by the government itself as “very high priority” areas for conservation of the Cerrado.

Even in the areas of São Paulo state where sugarcane already dominates the landscape, both the ISPN report and the current WWF study warn that further expansion of the crop could have damaging impacts on water resources and on biodiversity. For example, the region around the city of Riberão Preto – the Dallas of Brazil’s ethanol rush – some 45% of the land surface is already covered by sugarcane. Further expansion, argues WWF, should be accompanied by better strategic planning and accompanied by measures such as new protected areas to safeguard what remains of the natural resources of the area.

On the question of food security, the report also cautions that at the local level, there is a risk that small-scale agriculture, which produces the great majority of Brazil’s food supply, could give way to large-scale ethanol production, and that farmers displaced from their lands could be driven to peripheral urban areas with all the social consequences that brings.

The WWF study also acknowledges that while the direct impact on the Amazon from sugarcane production is minimal – although a small amount is grown in the region – there is a risk of indirect impacts if the displacement of cattle production and other crops in the Centre-South region by sugarcane pushes those activities to the rainforest frontier. However, it does not come to a firm conclusion on this, arguing instead that methodologies should be developed to measure these indirect impacts.

So lurking beneath the generally positive outlook on ethanol expansion given in this WWF analysis lie some pretty severe points of caution. Perhaps one of the key messages is that if the industry and its supporters really want to put a convincing case for the sustainability of this booming biofuel, the Cerrado should cease to be an invisible white gap on the map, and acknowledged as a valuable ecosystem worthy of care and attention in the planning of energy and food production in Brazil.

This article was published on www.oeco.com.br

The passing of Marina

The sudden resignation of Brazil’s environment minister Marina Silva this week left the government of President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva badly wrong-footed. Lula himself faced the embarrassment of having to respond to the announcement during a press conference with the visiting German chancellor Angela Merkel, and the process of naming a successor was messy and confused, with the result that the new environment minister Carlos Minc appeared to be the president’s second choice.

The prominent coverage given to the resignation, not just in Brazil but around the world, is testament to the influence and respect Marina Silva has earned during her period in office. Yet in a sense, the real surprise was not that she left the government, but that she remained inside it for so long.

At one level, Silva has been at the core of Lula’s administration. Their political association goes back more than thirty years, and when the new president took office in 2003, hers was one of the first ministerial appointments to be announced. It was a highly symbolic choice -- the charismatic leader of the rubber-tappers association from the remote Amazonian state of Acre, and former close associate of the assassinated activist and environmental martyr Chico Mendes. For the green movement, it seemed a dream come true. A child of the struggle against destruction of the rainforest was now in charge of government policies to protect it.

What was more, Marina Silva took with her into the environment ministry (Ministério do Meio Ambiente, or MMA) a group of advisers drawn from green NGOs, including a former director of Greenpeace in Brazil. On the sidelines for so long, Brazilian environmentalists now even seemed to have their own headquarters in the heart of power, one of the brutalist 1960s blocks that house the ministries marching up Brasilia’s esplanade towards the presidential palace, the Planalto.

It did not take long, however, for tensions to emerge between Silva and other members of the Lula administration. Despite his obvious affection and respect for Silva and the struggle she represents, Lula is anything but green. The former metalworkers’ union leader takes what might be termed an old-Left view of development – progress for him and the majority of his colleagues is grounded in industry, jobs and infrastructure. If trees and rivers get in the way of roads and dams, the “tree-huggers” are cast as the enemies of development.

So Marina Silva’s MMA has been in a constant series of battles with other, more powerful ministries such as Mines and Energy, and Agriculture. From the start, the ambitious multi-ministerial plan to combat deforestation in the Amazon has been caught in the contradiction of government incentives for an expanding export-based agricultural commodities sector, and a programme of roadbuilding and new hydro-electric dams in the region.

At times, Silva has had to ride out public and somewhat humiliating defeats, for example in the government decision to accept the legalization of commercial growing of genetically-modified crops. This was one of several points at which she was widely expected to resign – but she took the view that it was better to fight battles inside government so long as she could still have a significant influence.

Equally, Marina Silva was frequently among the names listed by the media as likely casualties of government reshuffles, most notably when Lula began his second four-year term at the beginning of 2007. The complaints against her ministry were growing louder from industrial lobbies that saw the environmental licensing system as a major constraint holding back big developments – a serious charge from the point of view of a president grounding his second mandate on a “Programme of Accelerated Growth” in which environmental concerns are often portrayed as an inconvenient handicap.

Yet Lula kept his environment minister on, probably because in the end it was better for him to have her there than outside the government, despite the complaints. It brings to mind the words of the late US President Lyndon Johnson with regard to the FBI chief J Edgar Hoover – “I’d rather have him inside the tent spitting out than outside the tent spitting in.” Actually he did not use the word “spitting”.

So long as Marina Silva was inside the government tent, criticism of the Lula administration’s environmental policy was always going to be muted, because green groups felt they had a powerful ally with unquestioned integrity doing her best to fight their battles from within. Lula knew this, and even if her presence could be inconvenient at times, it was a price well worth paying if she could deflect the full force of that criticism, especially on the international scene where she commanded such obvious respect.

In recent months, however, Silva’s position looked increasingly uncomfortable as Lula seemed at times to be undermining her position in public. This was clearly the case following the publication in January of the alarming satellite data indicating a sharp upturn in Amazon deforestation in the final months of 2007. While Marina Silva headed the press conference announcing the figures and blamed the expansion of cattle and soya production, Lula appeared to side with his political ally Blairo Maggi, governor of the state of Mato Grosso and big-time soya producer. Maggi accused the government space research institute INPE of lying about the data – and while Lula did not go that far, he did attack critics for jumping to conclusions about the figures, and called on NGOs to “go back and plant trees in their own countries.”

Even though the government has announced significant action this year to act against deforestation, Marina Silva has seemed increasingly marginalized. This was painfully the case last week when she was passed over for overall control of the government’s Sustainable Amazon Programme – with the coordination instead being given to the minister of strategic affairs Mangabeira Unger. Significantly, this programme puts the fight against illegal deforestation and protection of biodiversity behind guaranteeing national sovereignty and territorial integrity in its list of priorities.

With her departure, Marina Silva could make president Lula’s life very difficult, if she so chose. With a platform in the Senate, and a formidable reputation both inside Brazil and abroad, any direct criticisms she makes will be widely heard and respected. And from now on, the environmental movement will not pull any punches.

In fact, her first public statements following her resignation were measured and fell short of open criticism, speaking only of a sense of “stagnation” in her ability to influence things, and wishing well to her successor. But in a sense, she did not need to attack government policy, since the very act of her resignation had been so widely interpreted as a blow to the credibility of Lula’s environmental policies.

The new minister Carlos Minc, until now environment secretary for the state of Rio de Janeiro, has fine credentials as far as the green movement is concerned – he was, for example, among the founders of the Green Party in Brazil. However, he suffers from one major disadvantage. He is not, and never will be, Marina Silva.

This article was first published in O Eco.

Ports, parrots and Indians

It is a classic tale of David and Goliath. A handful of Tupi-Guarani Indians, backed up by ornithologists concerned about some rare parrots, taking on Brazil’s richest man and his plan to construct the biggest port in Latin America.

That, in caricature, is the battle currently under way over proposals by the mining and logistics entrepreneur Eike Batista and his LLX company to build a R$6bn (US$3.6bn) mega-port, known as Porto Brasil, on the Atlantic coast South of São Paulo.

The battle also represents an important test of the seriousness with which the Brazilian decision-making process, in all its complexity at local, state and federal levels, values what remains of the unique coastal ecosystems that have felt the onslaught of 500 years of development since the arrival of the Portuguese in Brazil.

First, a bit of background. The proposal is for a massive container port to take pressure off the one at Santos, currently Latin America’s busiest. The huge queues of trucks which build up at Santos and at the next major port to the South at Paranaguá, are seen as damaging bottlenecks to Brazil’s trading infrastructure, which will become increasingly serious as the country’s economy grows.

Porto Brasil would include an offshore island with 11 berths capable of loading deep-draught vessels, the largest of which are currently unable to access Brazilian ports. Onshore, the main loading area of six square kilometers would handle up to four million standard freight containers (TEUs) a year. Behind the port itself, a 13 sq km industrial zone would house auto and electronics factories, food processing units and other “high value-added” industries, according to the publicity of the port’s proponents.

Looking at the location of the proposed port on Google Earth (see illustrations) helps to illustrate both the attractions of the Porto Brasil project and the reason it is causing such controversy. It would fill in the only remaining patch of green along the continuous strip of beachfront urban sprawl, stretching for some 100km from Santos to the mountains of the Jureia-Itatins protected area, one of the most important remaining sanctuaries of the Atlantic Forest.

Apart from its proximity to the economic powerhouse of South-East Brazil and its agricultural hinterland, the port and its promised jobs (30,000 during construction, 5,000 permanent) holds obvious appeal to a region which depends for its income on the seasonal disgorging of the mega-city of São Paulo, 700m up on the plateau, to its nearest coastline during the summer holiday periods.

The municipality of Peruibe, within whose boundaries the port is planned, has grown rapidly in recent years largely through development of holiday homes and gated communities which remain empty for much of the year.

The mayor of Peruibe’s special adviser, Sílvio Siqueira Junior, explains, “We have a serious problem in Peruibe today, which is that it survives on the season, the veraneio (summer vacations). In practice, we’ve got the period from December to February, when the place is crowded with tourists – and for the rest of the year, traders have to survive on the business they do during that season.

“We believe that an enterprise on this scale will make a whole series of other businesses possible, which at the moment are unviable in Peruibe and the surrounding region.”

Siqueira admits, however, that “there are more questions than answers” surrounding the detailed proposals for the port, not least of which is the environmental impact it would have.

That little patch of green, as it appears from a satellite photo, is in fact highly significant in the mosaic of varied and contrasting habitats which are collectively referred to as the Atlantic Forest (or Mata Atlântica in Portuguese), the ecosystem that once stretched in a continuous swathe along the entire Eastern coast of Brazil, and inland as far as Paraguay and Northern Argentina – but which has lost at least 93% of its original extent.

One of the reasons that the region holds an exceptional variety of plant and animal species (it is classed as a Biodiversity Hotspot by Conservation International) is that the landscape rises rapidly from sea level to the mountain range known as the Serra do Mar, giving rise to an inter-connected series of habitat-types, each with its own unique set of species.

Among the most threatened of these habitats is the restinga , the term used for the forest growing in the white sands of the coastal plain, often in a very narrow strip between the tidal zone and higher ground. Plants in these areas have evolved specific survival strategies to deal with low levels of nutrients and soil moisture, and they have their own characteristic flora such as ground-growing bromeliads and stunted trees.

By their nature, restinga forests tend to be in the way of coastal developments seeking flat land near a beach, and the zone proposed for Porto Brasil is one of the very few places where there is a continuous undeveloped area linking the mountains to the ocean.

Its importance has been emphasized recently by the discovery of a colony of an endangered parrot species, the Red-tailed Parrot (Amazonas brasiliensis), whose entire global range consists of a small strip of coastline barely 200km in length, and which has suffered badly from habitat loss and capture for the pet trade.

The colony of around 150 individual parrots is thought to be the northernmost outpost of the species, and at least one of its “dormitories” – the collective roosts where the birds gather at dusk for mutual protection – is in the very area that would form part of the industrial zone in the current plans for the port.

The presence of the parrots, together with several other species unique to the coastal lowlands of the Atlantic Forest, has led the respected international NGO Birdlife International to include this location in its global network of Important Bird Areas (IBAs), places deemed to be priorities for conservation.

The ornithologist and bird guide Bruno Lima, who regularly brings foreign birdwatchers to this site, comments, “If we lose it, we lose it forever. It’s the last great important area on the São Paulo coast. People love this area, they come here to see the birds and nature.

“We really need this area, it’s very important. More than we know.”

The company wishing to develop the port, LLX, insists that it places a high priority on environmental responsibility, and that before the project goes ahead there will be a full assessment of the flora and fauna, impacts on the coastal ecosystem and other requirements of the public authorities that would license the project.

Those studies have yet to be carried out, but in the meantime a more immediate obstacle needs to be overcome by the port developers. Around 50 families of Tupi-Guarani Indians currently occupy parts of the area proposed for the port, among the very few indigenous people still claiming rights to Brazil’s coastline from which they were displaced by the European settlers from the 16th century.

The company claims these Indians are effectively squatters who only arrived on the land eight years ago, and they have offered alternative homes to the families on a nearby estate – together with other incentives such as a 4 x 4 Mitsubishi vehicle for the use of the community. The issue has split the families, with the majority accepting these terms and a smaller group determined to stay.

The local office of the federal indigenous affairs agency Funai has compared these tactics with those of the Portuguese 500 years ago, offering trinkets like mirrors and hairbrushes to the original inhabitants of Brazil in return for land. The agency is attempting to get the land officially demarcated as Indian territory – if this is approved by the government in Brasilia, it will be virtually impossible for the port to proceed. A public meeting on the proposal was suspended in March when federal prosecutors gained a court injunction claiming it was premature to proceed with formal consultations on the port while the question of the Indians was unresolved.

So it is still not clear whether the environmental importance of the site will be fully put to the test. Another obstacle has arisen with proposals from the São Paulo state government to create a new marine environmental protection zone along this coast – while mainly directed at control of commercial fishing, it could complicate the licensing of the port.

If the port developers get past these other hurdles, the municipality of Peruibe would still need to change its own local zoning plan, which currently prohibits development on the restinga forest. That in turn will give rise to a fierce local debate about what type of development is appropriate for the region.

According to Plínio Melo from the NGO Mongue, which campaigns for conservation of coastal habitats and traditional communities in the area, Peruibe should concentrate on its unique assets.

“Metal-works, cement plants, the auto industry, you can find those anywhere in the world,” says Melo. “But only we have this preserved Atlantic Forest, no one else has got it any more. So any type of investment should be based on that regional vocation – in other words, environmental and ecological tourism.”

This article first appeared on the O Eco website. Copyright Tim Hirsch, 2008. All rights reserved.

Amazon deforestation: under control or taking off again?

Brazil may not have an enviable record on caring for its forests. But when it comes to documenting their destruction, it has no rival.

For some years now, the Brazilian National Space Agency (known as INPE from its initials in Portuguese) has been analysing and publishing the results of satellite imagery that reveals in painful detail the steady depletion of the Amazon rainforest. Brazil’s planned space programme may never have got off the ground, but the agency has become a global reference point for rigorous and transparent reporting of deforestation.

Until last August, the picture presented by INPE on the trends in the Amazon revealed by these assessments had been – in relative terms – a positive one. The annual deforestation rate had fallen for three successive years from a spike of more than 27,000 square kilometres in 2004, to “only” 11,000 sq km in the year ending August 2007 – still, it is worth remembering, that is an area larger than the country of Lebanon in which the huge variety of trees, vines, orchids, mammals, birds, insects, fungi etc have been converted to bare pasture, very probably causing the extinction of species that we will never discover.

It was these declining rates of deforestation that prompted President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva and other ministers in his administration to claim success for the Amazon Deforestation Action Plan, brought in after he came into office in 2003. Yet in January of this year, INPE set off a major alert by announcing a sharp upturn in deforestation in the final months of 2007 – a trend apparently confirmed by subsequent observations for January and February. At the same time, the government voices hopes that the annual trend can still be held to its downward course. So what is really happening?

To answer that, it helps to understand how INPE gets its figures. Two separate systems are used. The first, the Amazon Deforestation Estimate Project (PRODES), produces annual deforestation statistics. It analyses around 200 high-resolution images of the Amazon taken by the NASA Landsat satellite in the dry season close to the reference date of August 1st, and compares them with images from the previous year to establish which areas have been deforested during those 12 months. In recent refinements, data from other satellites are used to supplement this information where for example there are problems of cloud cover.

The second system, known as Detection of Deforestation in Real Time (DETER), was introduced in 2005 as part of the Lula government’s action plan. It is designed to give the authorities speedy information on where the latest areas of deforestation are appearing, so they can target enforcement efforts on the ground without having to wait for the annual analysis. This system uses lower-resolution images so it does not spot all deforestation, but it does give an indication of where the trend is moving month by month.

It was the DETER system which set the alarm bells ringing in Brasilia and beyond from early 2008. Reports on the ground from the Amazon itself had indicated for some months that deforestation had started to pick up again. Then on January 23rd INPE and the environment ministry (MMA) called a special press conference to announce shocking statistics from the last five months of 2007: between August and December, the satellite analysis had revealed the loss of 3, 235 sq km. Because of the crude resolution of the images in this quick-response system, it misses the smaller areas of deforestation, so INPE reckoned the real loss was closer to 7,000 sq km.

Add to that the fact that the bulk of the deforestation was in the months of November and December when heavy Amazon rains normally silence the chainsaws, and claims of a continuing decline in the annual rate were starting to look highly questionable. Even the MMA news release spoke of an increase in deforestation, although the environment minister Marina Silva claimed it was still possible to keep the 2007-8 total figure below the 11,000 registered for the previous year.

The government response to this upsurge in destruction was to announce a series of measures aimed at intensifying the enforcement of laws to combat deforestation. At their heart was the identification of 36 municipalities in the so-called “arc of deforestation” – mainly in the states of Mato Grosso, Pará and Rondônia – which together accounted for more than half of the forest clearances of the past three years.

It is in these 36 municipalities that a major operation known as “Arc of Fire” is being concentrated, in which federal police and other enforcement agencies are descending on known hotspots of lawlessness to seize thousands of cubic metres of illegally-felled wood, shut down unlicensed charcoal ovens and fine the owners of sawmills found to be infringing the law.

Other measures introduced in January include a requirement for landholders in the 36 municipalities to re-register their property, aimed at addressing the widespread phenomenon of fraudulent land claims to facilitate deforestation; an agreement with banks to cut off credit to rural businesses found to be breaking environmental laws; and the publication of a “dirty list” of deforesters whose land will be subject to embargo with a ban on the commercialization of products originating from those areas. That list is now online – and includes a roll-call of some of the most powerful figures in politics and business in the region – although it is still subject to constant revision as individual disputes arise.

No one was expecting very quick results from these measures. Even so, the latest DETER data for January and February this year were extremely disappointing: 1,364 sq km of deforestation detected for the two months combined, and likely to be even more of an under-estimate than the previous figures because large parts of the Amazon were under cloud for the entire period.

The government argues, reasonably, that steps like the re-registering of land claims and choking the credit lines of deforesters need time to have an impact. And measures such as the publication of the embargoed landholders have taken transparency to a new level.

But as O Eco has been documenting in recent weeks, critics find contradictions in policy that seem to feed incentives for deforestation, potentially undermining all these efforts. A new executive measure presented to Congress, for example, would exempt holders of land up to 1500 hectares from the new restrictions even if it had been illegally-deforested – according to the government a pragmatic way of bringing these areas under legal control, but according to its critics sending a message that if you grab land in the Amazon then eventually it will be recognized as yours.

Another challenge to the policy is the string of infrastructure projects – especially the paving of highways in the Amazon – that risk bringing new forest clearances in their wake. There is a firmly-established correlation between roads and deforestation, and it is going to be extremely difficult to reconcile the two policies of “integration” and reduced deforestation.

Finally there is the great elephant in the room – agriculture and the global pressure for increased food production. There had always been fears that the downturn in deforestation between 2004-7 owed more to low commodity prices and an overvalued Brazilian Real than to the government’s Action Plan. Now the coinciding of the surge in food prices and the upsurge in deforestation looks suspiciously like confirmation of this link – in fact it was explicitly recognised by Marina Silva at the time of the January announcement, though promptly denied by the agriculture ministry and by President Lula himself.

According to the government, Brazil can help ease the pressure on world food supplies without compromising its commitment to protect the Amazon, by exploiting the millions of hectares of land already cleared for cattle pasture and now degraded – also, incidentally, the argument used for cost-free expansion of ethanol production from sugar cane. In theory, this is a powerful argument. In practice, holding back deforestation at a time when food is top of everyone’s agenda is going to involve a monumental reversal of past historic trends.

Copyright Tim Hirsch 2008, All Rights Reserved.

This article first appeared on the website O Eco, at www.oeco.com.br.

Forest alliance formed as Amazon loss shows no let-up

A new global alliance of indigenous and traditional forest communities has been set up, aimed at ensuring they are included in financial incentives to slow deforestation and fight climate change.


The initiative was announced at a conference in Manaus in the heart of the Brazilian Amazon, as new satellite data showed no apparent respite in rainforest destruction in February, despite a major government crackdown.

The meeting of forest peoples from 13 countries, mostly in South and Central America, was a response to discussions under the UN Climate Change Convention to set up a system rewarding countries that succeed in reducing their rate of deforestation.

Scientists estimate that the loss of the carbon stored in forests accounts for at least 20 per cent of the greenhouse gas emissions linked to global warming.

The indigenous and traditional groups such as fishing communities and rubber-tappers fear they will be left out of this process, even though they often play a key role in protecting forests, and feel the worst impacts of climate change.

"Indigenous people must understand exactly what is happening in their forests," said Yolanda Hernández, representing the Maya Kakchiquel people of Guatemala.

"They have always been left out when decisions are made, and the time has come for them to be taken into consideration - because their ancestral knowledge about nature enables them to make an important contribution in the debate about the climate."

The new alliance launched in Manaus aims to give forest communities a collective voice in the current debate over the mechanism that will channel cash into forest protection from international markets to reduce carbon emissions.

According to the Brazilian Socio-environmental Institute, it is an opportunity to change the economic balance of power that will help indigenous communities get recognition for their territorial rights.

As the meeting debated the issue of deforestation, news emerged from the Brazilian Space Research Agency (INPE) suggesting that Amazon destruction shows no sign of slowing, despite a major government enforcement effort announced in January.

Satellite images for February this year revealed the loss of 725 square kilometres of rainforest, at a time of heavy rains, which is usually associated with a let-up in deforestation.

The agency believes this figure is in fact a considerable under-estimate, as cloud cover prevented the satellite from photographing large parts of the Amazon.

Also, this quick-response system of detecting deforestation takes low-resolution images that ignore smaller losses.


Normally, INPE estimates that the initial survey must be at least doubled to get the true picture - if that is the case, then it would confirm the suggestion in January that the deforestation rate is accelerating after three years of decline.

This is a particular disappointment to the Brazilian government, as it suggests there is not yet any significant pay-off from the major package of anti-deforestation measures announced in January.

They included a crackdown on illegal logging companies, a requirement of landowners to re-register their property to avoid fraudulent land claims, and the cutting off of credit to rural businesses flouting environmental laws.

According to Brazil's environment minister Marina Silva, it will take time for the government efforts to show up in the deforestation statistics.

"It's clear that the response to these measures is not happening at the same pace as the dynamic of deforestation that is under way," said Mrs Silva. "They will definitely produce an effect, but not in just one or two months."

She said she was still hopeful that the annual deforestation figure, measured in August, would show a drop from the 11,000 square kilometres lost last year.

But according to Mario Menezes of Friends of the Earth, the figures confirmed the impact of high agricultural prices and upcoming municipal elections in driving deforestation, and suggested the targeting of specific areas by the government was simply shifting the problem elsewhere.

"You put pressure in one place, in one municipality or one State, and deforestation just leaks to another area," he said.

Copyright Tim Hirsch 2008. This article was first published on the website of the Daily Telegraph at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/earth/2008/04/08/eabrazil108.xml

UK chief scientist brings food message to Brazil

The world faces a major challenge to meet the demand for more food and energy from the millions of people being lifted out of poverty, the United Kingdom government’s new chief scientific adviser has warned on a visit to Brazil. And this country can play an important role in providing both, but must not do so at the expense of key ecosystems, he added.

Professor John Beddington, who took over from Sir David King in January as the principal adviser on scientific issues to the British Prime Minister Gordon Brown, spoke to the website O Eco at the start of a five-day visit to Brazil, his first trip outside the UK since he started in the job. He is here to close the Brazilian-British Year of Science and Innovation, which has resulted in a number of research partnerships on issues such as bio-energy development and climate change.

Sir David King had played an important international role in raising the profile of climate change on the world agenda, famously provoking controversy by claiming it was a greater threat to humanity than terrorism, and convincing Tony Blair to make it a priority for the G8 group of leading economies.

Now his successor is trying to bring the same sense of urgency to the question of global food demand, while insisting that he is not in any way questioning the vital importance of dealing with climate change.

In his interview with O Eco, Prof Beddington said the big increase in the price of basic food commodities in the last two years had a number of specific factors, including the switch from grain to biofuel production in the United States, a disastrous drought in Australia, and an enormous increase in demand, primarily from India and China.

Unfortunately, according to the British scientist, this is not a temporary phenomenon. In the first place, population is still increasing dramatically, with more than the equivalent of the current population of the United Kingdom (about 60 million) being added to the planet each year.

But equally important, he says, is the large number of people moving from a state of abject poverty to more decent living conditions. “As anti-poverty programmes are working rather successfully in a number of countries including China, India and Brazil itself, what you are seeing is a change in consumer demands for different types of agricultural products including livestock,” Professor Beddington said.

As people get richer, in other words, they tend to eat more meat, and that requires not just more land for the animals themselves, but more grain such as soya to feed them, especially in the case of pigs and chicken. And when you consider that around 3bn people currently live on less than two US dollars a day, successful anti-poverty measures will create enormous extra food demand as these people change their dietary habits.

“So you don’t just have population growth which is projected to increase by 50% over the next two or three decades, you have this increase in basic demand for foodstuffs and for energy as well. What you are looking at is an expected increase of 50% in demand for energy, and somewhat in excess of 50% increase in demand for food. So this is a long term problem,” added Prof Beddington.

In his analysis of the impact of biofuels, Prof Beddington was careful to distinguish between the pressure on grain supply created by the switch to ethanol in the US agricultural regions, and Brazil’s biofuel policy. “Brazil’s biofuels are actually extremely useful to the world, because we are all aware of the problem of climate change, but we do need energy for fuelling out transportation system. We also have these problems of food supply, so we will be needing to produce both food and biofuels on the land, and one thing that Brazil has is a great deal of potentially productive land.”

One implication of the warning about ever-greater demands for food is the added pressure this will create to open up more ecosystems such as the Amazon and Cerrado for grain and meat production. In the recent announcement of increased deforestation figures for the last five months of 2007, the environment minister Marina Silva made a specific link with increased prices of commodities such as beef and soya – a link immediately denied by the agriculture minister.

Professor Beddington agrees this is a danger, but says it is one that can and must be avoided: “I think the challenge for the world, for Brazil and the UK amongst others, is to try to ensure that agricultural production grows sufficiently to meet both the requirements of the extra demands for food and energy, but also to ensure that the key ecosystem services are properly preserved. It’s not an easy job, but it’s absolutely essential that it’s tackled appropriately.

“It’s not going to help world food production if you get problems of cutting down rainforests and an increase in greenhouse gases. It would be incredibly unfortunate if by trying to sort out one problem you created another, but I don’t believe that is likely to happen because I think people here are well aware of the issues.”

This article appeared in Portuguese on the O Eco website, an information service focussing on environmental issues in Brazil

Operation Arc of Fire Targets Deforestation

A remote Amazon logging town has become the turbulent starting point for a major crackdown by Brazilian government authorities, aimed at preventing a new wave of deforestation.

Sawmill workers have been queuing for food handouts in Tailândia, after logging operations were halted by the arrival of hundreds of police and troops, in an operation codenamed Arc of Fire.

With the seizure of more than 500 truckloads of illegally-felled timber, this is just the beginning of an anti-deforestation drive which is anticipated to last several months. It follows the release of new figures in January revealing that rainforest loss in the Brazilian Amazon had accelerated in late 2007, following three years of declining figures.

The massive challenge of controlling illegal activity in the region has been further revealed in a new report, showing that an area of the Amazon more than six times the size of the UK is covered by questionable land claims – in other words, nobody knows to whom it belongs.

The swoop on Tailândia began last week, with the confiscation by federal environment agency officials of around 13,000 cubic metres of timber, worth at least ₤1.5m, said to have been felled illegally.

The action brought hundreds of local people onto the streets in protest, as the town is virtually entirely dependent for employment on around 90 timber companies operating in the area. At one point, several officials were held hostage and the main highway through the town blockaded.

The arrival of around 200 heavily-armed police and special troops this week has enabled the enforcement effort to continue unimpeded, with officials engaged in a complex paper trail to determine just how much of the wood is illegal. The vast majority was destined for the internal Brazilian market, with less than 20 per cent of wood from the Amazon going for export.

Tailândia lies in a notoriously lawless part of the state of Pará in the Eastern Amazon, and has a population of 67,000. It grew up around the activities of loggers some 40 years ago, and the municipality is estimated to have lost about 60 per cent of its original forest cover. The wood is used not just for timber, but also for charcoal made in hundreds of small kilns to supply the iron and steelmaking industry.

With some 6,000 local people already facing unemployment as a result of the crackdown, the authorities face a major challenge finding alternative jobs for a town that largely owes its existence to illegal exploitation of the rainforest. However, Tailândia is being used as a demonstration by the government that it is serious about clamping down on deforestation in areas that have been virtually abandoned by the state.

Operation Arc of Fire is set to progress through the other 35 municipalities identified by the government as the problem areas for deforestation, and where special measures have been introduced to try to bring illegal activity under control.

One key step is a requirement for all large landowners in these areas to re-register their properties, in an attempt to end the endemic problem of fraudulent property claims that are often used to justify clearing rainforest for cattle pasture.

But the scale of the problem is revealed in a new report published today by a respected Brazilian research organization, the Institute for Man and the Environment in the Amazon (Imazon). It estimates that despite three recent attempts to regularize land holdings in the Amazon, some 1.5 million square kilometers, or more than six times the land area of the UK, is under uncertain ownership.

“The federal government still does not know who owns a large part of the Amazon,” the report concludes.

The lead author of the report, Paulo Barreto of Imazon, said the ability of ranchers to move freely into public forest land using false property claims made it cheaper for them to deforest new areas for grazing, rather than increase productivity in already-cleared areas.

“Without clear identification of who is owner of the land, the government has difficulty applying penalties against those who carry out illegal deforestation,” said Mr Barreto.

Another measure announced this week as part of the crackdown following the deforestation upturn is a new rule designed to deny finance to those destroying the forest. From July, all banks operating in the Amazon will be forced to demand documents showing that land is legally held and that environmental laws have been followed, before offering credit to farmers and other rural businesses.

The test of whether these measures have been effective will come later this year when the annual deforestation figures, covering the period from August to July, are published. The government is desperately hoping it will show a continued fall from last year’s figure of 11,000 square kilometers, the lowest since 1992.

With the January 24^th announcement that some 7,000 square kilometers of rainforest had already been lost by December, it is going to be a major challenge to keep Amazon deforestation on a downward trend.

This article was originally published on the Earth pages of the Daily Telegraph website

All Rights Reserved, copyright The Daily Telegraph 2008.

One man's rubbish is another's bread and butter

Here's a paradox for you. Of the 167,000 tonnes of rubbish produced by Brazilians every day, only two percent is collected selectively for recycling by local authorities. Yet Brazil has some of the most impressive recycling figures in the world for some materials: according to industry figures, 77 percent of used cardboard was recycled in 2006, and a whacking 96 percent of aluminium cans.

The clue to the paradox lies in a comment from Brazil's own government statistical office. "The high levels of recycling are more associated with the value of raw materials and the high levels of poverty and unemployment, than with education and environmental consciousness," it acknowledged.

In other words, these remarkable statistics are due largely to the fact that there are enough desperately poor people prepared to spend their entire working lives sifting through unseparated rubbish to pull out the recyclable items, and get a small share of their economic value to help feed their families. This will come to no surprise to anyone who has been to a Brazilian city - or indeed just about any developing country - and seen the human scavengers patrolling the streets and rubbish dumps, often pulling carts piled impossibly high with salvageable waste.

Collectors
In Brazil, these people are known as catadores, or literally collectors. There are thought to be some 300,000 of them. And now, as recycling becomes a higher priority for public authorities and the private sector, they are demanding recognition for the public service they've been providing for free for decades.

I followed one catador, Claudinei Zorante, on his beat around a central district of São Paulo famous for its cheap electronics stores. Pushing his large handcart weighing 130 kg unladen, he showed me the waste discarded by one of the stores - bits of metal, paper and plastic all mixed together. "Where I take the material from is where I get food to bring home to my family. I do the collection, take out the clean material, get the money from that, so I can put food on the table," explains Claudinei, a 39-year-old father of three.

Cooperatives
The place he takes the material to is a sprawling, grim area underneath a motorway viaduct, where some 2,000 catadores work - some individually, some organised into cooperatives. They separate the waste into different materials, have it weighed and collect their earnings, sometimes from middlemen who pay a pittance compared with what they will receive from recycling companies.

Although there have been attempts by the municipal government to work with the organised catadores, it is an uneasy relationship - just last month, this area was the scene of ugly clashes with police as the authorities came to clean up the area and the catadores accused them of taking away material that they had collected and depriving them of their livelihoods.

Admittedly the area is unpleasant - I dodged a couple of dead rats as I walked through it. But according to another catador, Sergio Bispo, the problem would not arise if the catadores were given proper spaces in which to work: "If we spent a month on strike, the country would stop - I think the world would stop. Because the municipal governments in the big cities don't do selective collection, they wouldn't cope. It's us catadores who do it, with our handcarts, carrying stuff on our backs, on our heads, in bags. So the country would stop if we went on strike, one day it will happen, but not yet."

Modern system
A short distance away, in an enclosed shed, I see an example of how catadores can be included in more modern recycling systems while working in more decent conditions. In a project supported by the oil giant Petrobras, members of a co-operative separate or ‘triage' the material collected on carts, and it is then baled into blocks that can be sold directly to industry, cutting out the middlemen.

It is the kind of project being promoted by the Instituto Ethos, an organisation promoting corporate social responsibility. It argues that both the public and private sector have an obligation to include the catadores in recycling contracts.

The coordinator of the project, John Butcher says: "The main responsibility for recycling is from the government. But they can do it in a way to include catadores as service providers for the municipality. They provide a public service that is not paid. They understand, and we understand, that they should be paid for the service."

THIS ARTICLE, TOGETHER WITH AN AUDIO REPORT, WAS PUBLISHED BY THE STATE WE'RE IN, RADIO NETHERLANDS INTERNATIONAL.

Legislators call for new biofuel standards

BRASILIA.
Biofuels should only be produced if they meet strict environmental standards, an international group of lawmakers have concluded.

The legislators said the fuels also had to deliver significant savings of greenhouse gas emissions.

If such criteria were met, they said there should be an urgent review of the tariffs that currently block imports into markets such as the EU and US.

The forum was hosted by Brazil, one of the world's biggest biofuel producers.

Biofuels have become a highly controversial issue, with claims that the rapid expansion of energy crops could threaten global food security, and add further pressure to sensitive ecosystems including rainforests.

It is also argued that in some cases the benefits to the climate of burning plant material instead of fossil fuels are outweighed by the energy needed to produce and transport biofuels, and by the release of carbon from soils by changes in land use.

Strong growth

The gathering of legislators from the Group of Eight (G8) richest economies and five key developing countries heard repeated claims from its Brazilian hosts, led by President Luis Inacio Lula da Silva, that ethanol made from sugar cane was highly efficient.

Biofuels can be made from wheat, rape seed and sugar cane

They added that it could also be produced without serious negative impacts on ecosystems or threatening food supply.

Brazil has been using ethanol to power its vehicles since the 1970s and is now hoping to reap major economic benefits from global demand for alternatives to oil.

The meeting failed to agree a final policy statement on biofuels, with some delegations led by France and Germany reluctant to abandon trade restrictions before a system of strict certification of sustainability was in place.

But there was consensus on the main elements of the tests that should be placed on biofuels.

These included that they should not be made from materials grown on land with recognised value for biodiversity.

Also, that the greenhouse gas emissions involved in their production and use should be significantly less than those produced by fossil fuels.

That would place in doubt many fuels such as biodiesel from palm oil that has been implicated in the destruction of Indonesian rainforests.

Many forms of biofuel production in colder countries would also be in doubt, where the energy benefits have been questioned.

Although sugar cane is not grown in significant quantities in the Amazon region, some environmental groups will also question whether Brazilian ethanol would meet these criteria.

Much of the recent expansion of sugar cane plantations has been in the highly bio-diverse savannah region of the country.

Activists claim the dash for biofuels is causing more harm than good

The supporters of Brazilian ethanol argue, however, that huge areas of degraded cattle pasture are available to grow the crop, and that expansion of biofuel production does not require significant conversion of native ecosystems.

The meeting also failed to agree a framework for a new global agreement on measures to tackle climate change beyond 2012, with the Chinese delegation apparently reluctant to pre-empt the position of its government in forthcoming negotiations.

Lord Jay, the former head of the British Foreign Office, who had led the efforts to agree the framework, said there had been consensus over his claim that a massive increase was needed in the funds available to poorer countries to cope with the impacts of climate change.

This article was published on the BBC Website, Copyright All Rights Reserved, British Broadcasting Corporation 2008.